Medical Definition of Benign. Cells may become cancerous due to the accumulation of defects, or mutations, in their DNA. The longer a woman used HRT, the more her risk increased. Q. Learn more about biopsy. The patient is prepared physically and emotionally for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR; Malignant: 1. Understanding the “jargon” of medicine takes extensive years of education and enculturation. Besides confirming a cancer, the biopsy also provides information about the type of cancer, the stage it has reached, the aggressiveness of the cancer and the extent of its spread. From 1930 to the 1990s, the incidence of gastric cancer declined from about 38 cases per 100,000 to about 6 cases per 100,000. Cystoscopy: Process of visual examination of the urinary bladder. Participating in a support group, meeting with mental health professionals, and taking an antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication can help alleviate depression and anxiety. Weakness and fatigue are common. Malnutrition occurs as a result of impaired eating, the metabolic demands of the growing tumor, or obstruction of the GI tract. Radical surgery to remove the tumor is possible in more than one third of patients. Ultra-violet radiation from the sun accounts for a majority of melanoma deaths. Before surgery, a stomal therapist consults with the surgeon regarding appropriate stoma location, and the abdomen is marked. A cancer that grows slowly and has no important health effect on the patient. In 2006 the American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that 564,830 Americans died of cancer and that twice that number were newly diagnosed with one form or another of the disease. A guide to medical terminology for cancer, 16 chapters. Research has shown links between human papillomavirus infection, tobacco smoking, and excessive alcohol use and head and neck cancers. Cancer of the skin of the scrotum due to chronic irritation by coal soot. The aim of cancer treatment is to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible and to prevent the recurrence or spread of the primary tumor. Benign refers to a condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous. If metastasis has occurred, the omentum and spleen may have to be removed. Sometimes, the amount of drugs or radiation needed to destroy cancer cells also destroys bone marrow. See: vulvectomy. If you think you might have a bone tumor, see your doctor as soon as possible for diagnosis and treatment. Ductal carcinoma in situ is the most common type of breast cancer. Other risks include exposure to carcinogenic industrial and air pollutants (asbestos, uranium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, iron oxides, coal dust and radioactive dusts), radon gas concentrations, and familial susceptibility. According to nutritionists and epidemiologists from leading universities in the United States, a person can reduce the chances of getting cancer by following some simple guidelines: In addition, following the advice of physicians in refraining from certain activities or drugs that are proven as risk factors for certain cancers can help lower one's risk. 681, Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10022 (800) 992-2623. To stimulate a poor appetite, antidepressant or steroid drugs may be administered. Breast examination includes visual observation where the doctor looks for any discharge, unevenness, discoloration, or scaling. For example, asbestos workers have an increased incidence of lung cancer. Radiation is believed to cause 1-2% of all cancer deaths. Any malignancy of bone tissue. A malignancy of the colon or rectum. The tests identify cellular changes with 95% accuracy. During colonoscopy, removal of benign polyps prevents progression to malignant tumors. Certain studies have suggested that cancer incidence is lower in areas where soil and foods are rich in the mineral selenium. When cancer occurs in the head of the pancreas, where it may obstruct the bile ducts and cause jaundice, the disease is most likely to be diagnosed at an early stage, when it may be most responsive to therapy. Ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, some viruses, and drugs that damage nucleic acids may initiate the genetic lesions that result in cancers. The cancerous cells typically develop in the lining of very small tubes in the kidney, called tubules. High-risk women include those with multiple first-degree relatives (mother, sister, daughter) or second-degree relatives (aunt, grandmother, cousin) with histories of breast or ovarian cancer. However, the toxic effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are severe. Atypical (ay-TIP-ih-cul) is a medical word for “abnormal.” Doctors may use this word to describe cells or body tissues that look unusual under a microscope. Most cancers are curable if detected and treated at their early stages. N indicates whether cancer has spread into lymph nodes 3. Assistance is provided with personal hygiene and physical care as needed. They can be used in conjunction with, or separate from, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Analgesics, sedatives, and tranquilizers are used to control pain and anxiety. In people over 50, testing stool specimens for hidden bleeding detects many cancers; this detection results in earlier treatment and prolongation of life. In 2003, a new technique was developed to streamline identification of drug compounds that are toxic to cancerous cells but not to healthy cells. Depending on the location of the tumor, the biopsy may be a simple procedure or a serious operation. Little is known of the cause of cancer, though exposure to CARCINOGENS such as nicotine and mustard gas or the presence of certain microorganisms are possible causes. The pain associated with cancer is often severe. There must be close collaboration among the entire health care team and the patient and family must be encouraged to participate in care . As the tumor grows, it may press on the nearby nerves, organs, and blood vessels. The disease is genetically related to the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. The radiation oncologist specializes in using radiation to treat cancer, while the surgical oncologist performs the operations needed to diagnose or treat cancer. PSA testing detects many previously undetected prostate cancers but may result in increased death and disease due to complications from subsequent surgery. He should stop activities that cause excessive fatigue (at least temporarily) and incorporate rest periods. Radiation, surgery and chemotherapy are all used in the treatment of cancers. Cancer is a progressive disease, and goes through several stages. 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In general, a benign tumor grows slowly and is not harmful. They also may be made in a laboratory. If curative treatment fails, palliative care and psychological support continues, with questions answered honestly but tactfully. The most widely used screening tests include the Pap test for cervical cancer, mammography for breast cancer, prostate specific antigen tests for prostate carcinoma, and occult blood tests and colonoscopy for intestinal cancers. Such cancers generally have poor prognoses. Healthy bone marrow tissue constantly replenishes the blood supply and is essential to life. A brain tumor is considered malignant if it contains cancer … However, if detected early (before spreading from the lungs), survival rates rise for most people. An alteration (mutation) to the DNA molecule can disrupt the genes and produce faulty proteins. Damage caused by their invasion of healthy tissues results in organ malfunction, pain, and, often, death. After the acute phase of treatment, the patient may undergo premature menopause; loss of fertility; alterations in body image, sexual function, and family relationships; impaired functional capacity; financial difficulties; and loss of spiritual well-being. The abnormal cell begins to divide uncontrollably and eventually forms a new growth known as a "tumor" or neoplasm (medical term for cancer meaning "new growth"). A malignant neoplasm of the cervix of the uterus. Radiation can be either external or internal. Chest x-rays do not show small, early cancers, but CT scanning can be used to screen people who have a long history of smoking and who are 50 to 60 years old. 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