The knights of Europe could be compared to the Japanese ___________. All Greeks resisted the Latinizing efforts of the early 13th-century popes and their representatives. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing Sidon and Beirut. Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except a. the [223], Historians consider the crusader military architecture of the Middle East to demonstrate a synthesis of the European, Byzantine and Muslim traditions and to be the most original and impressive artistic achievement of the crusades. (February 23, 2023). Known today as the Knights of Malta, they still issue passports and are recognized as a sovereign state by some countries. [195] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. Demise of the Crusader States. The term "Crusade" is Latin and means "marked with a __________.". Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye, Humbert V de Beaujeu, constable of France, John II of Soissons, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. Despite the infamous failure of the Fourth Crusade, the Popes continued to preach for military expeditions to the Holy Land. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. [84], The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tampering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). On 6 May, Geoffrey of Sergines handed Damietta over to the Moslem vanguard. Many criminals and other undesirables had found their way to Acre. The internal strife among the Ayyubids allowed Theobald to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. history-us This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1187 CE 1 stood as a severe psychological jolt on the Christian West as they lost after an 88-year-long hegemony over Jerusalem. A list of the 10 most famous knights of the Middle Ages and a brief overview of their military achievements. These funds would be returned to the emperor once he arrived at Acre. The pope called on Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. Many Crusaders had to battle in this Modern methods allow the testing of victims' bodies using new technology. The Knights Hospitaller would conquer Rhodes from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for a hundred years. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. Frankish practitioners borrowed methods from the Byzantines and indigenous artists and iconographical practice leading to a cultural synthesis, illustrated by the Church of the Nativity. in The crusades: history and memory. In, Powell, James M. (2006). They contracted with the Republic of Venice for the transportation of 30,000 crusaders at a cost of 85,000 marks. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. For two days the Crusaders massacred the inhabitants and pillaged the city. After the Crusades, which of the following did not occur? [96] The unconquered portions of the County of Edessa would nevertheless fall to the Zengids within a few years. The 16thcentury saw growing rapprochement. "Ramla, Third Battle of (1105)". A Turkish adventurer Jawali Saqawa killed Jikirmish in 1106, seizing Mosul and his hostage Baldwin. The Knights Templar were founded in 1119 by a band of knights who dedicated themselves to protecting pilgrims enroute to Jerusalem. [220], The military orders were forms of a religious order first established early in the twelfth century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing monastic vows. The Greeks were never truly forgiven for this perceived betrayal. failure. Most modern Crusades historians consider a combination of pluralism and popularism, which is also the focus of this article. = 15 ? "[Mawdd (d. 1113)". An example of this is the Melisende Psalter, created by several hands in a workshop attached to the Holy Sepulchre. Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except. [111] Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of Chtillon and Humphrey IV of Toron. Type the answer in the boxes below, why does obrien have winston arrested when obrien is the one who made first contact, why might the unemployment rate underestimate the underutilization of labor resources the unemployment rate might underestimate the underutilization of labor resources because it does not include, the diagonal of a square is 2 inches find the area of the square, if sxx 7 and tx 4x23 which expression is equivalent to tsx, describe the four reasons evolution occurs. You would most likely find glaciers in _____________. 2 (2021), ed. [8] This led to the French croisadethe way of the cross. If you click and purchase anything through those links, we will receive a small commission. History European Backgrounds quiz 2 - StudyHippo.com Pope Urban II is significant in the history of the Crusades because of the following reasons EXCEPT. Foremost amongst these was the elder statesman Raymond IV of Toulouse, who with bishop Adhemar of Le Puy commanded southern French forces. Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land, "The journey of the word crusade from holy to oppressive and back again", The speech of Pope Urban II. Holy City of Jerusalem. Peter underwent the ordeal and died after days of agony from his wounds, which discredited the Holy Lance as a fake. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. : Kahulugan at KatangianContinue, This site contains links to the Involve Asia Affiliate, Amazon Affiliate Program, and other affiliate programs. In, Weiler, Bjrn K. (2006). [122] On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the Treaty of Jaffa, providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. [87], Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. 13-28, "The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester", ed. [102] This action left the Holy Land lacking in defenses, and Nr-ad-Din defeated a Crusader forces at the Battle of Harim in August 1164, capturing most of the Franks' leaders. The latter led to the inclusion of oriental design features such as large water reservoirs and the exclusion of occidental features such as moats. Baldwin then besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat. Hugh III of Burgundy, leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. He succeeded to raise an army of crusaders who, however, never made it to the Holy Land. Without waiting for the French contingent, Conrad III engaged the Seljuks of Rm under sultan Mesud I, son and successor of Kilij Arslan, the nemesis of the First Crusade. However, Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Germany died on the way to the Holy Land, while Philip II soon departed for France due to conflicts with Richard I of England. [169], After the defeat of the Crusaders in Egypt, Louis remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the crusader states. Further offensive action by the Crusaders would have to wait until the arrival of additional forces, including legate Pelagius with a contingent of Romans. [19] These Crusades began with the fervent desire to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over the period. Europe was dismayed by the disaster of 1291. [210] The 1281 election of a French pope, MartinIV, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. Jerusalem How a Teacher Can Affect Classroom Behavior, Ano ang Komunismo? The Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control. Crusaders were victorious in the First Crusade and retook the city of. In, Edgington, Susan (2006). Conrad and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa also received the cross from the hand of Bernard. The Teutonic Knights supported the later Prussian campaigns into the fifteenth century. [23] The political situation in the Middle East was changed by waves of Turkic migration in particular, the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 10thcentury. Ultimately, the Crusaders would fail because they just could not keep a sustained effort against the advancement of Islam. [135], In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. [48] The Crusaders faced their old enemy Kilij Arslan and his Seljuk forces first met the Lombard and French contingents in August 1101 at the Battle of Mersivan, with the crusader camp captured. Castles were a tangible symbol of the dominance of a Latin Christian minority over a largely hostile majority population. In 1152, Raymond II of Tripoli became the first Frankish victim of the Assassins. [100] He undertook a series of four invasions of Egypt from 1163 to 1169, taking advantage of weaknesses of the Fatimids. Wendish Crusade (1147). [24] Byzantium's attempted confrontation in 1071 to suppress the Seljuks' sporadic raiding led to the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, eventually the occupation of most of the Anatolian peninsula. for Christian people because Jesus was crucified within this city. [117], Richard the Lionheart had already taken the cross as the Count of Poitou in 1187. [142], Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory. One holy league won a dramatic victory against the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571. In, Bird, Jessalynn (2006). Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard led his support to the stalemated siege of Acre. After a short battle, the Egyptian commander decided to evacuate the city. [137] Pelagius had no choice but to surrender. History European Backgrounds quiz 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Although Jerusalem and Cyprus normally had separate governments, through intermarriage and the exigencies of diplomacy, the histories of the two had become interwoven. Hendrickx, Benjamin. The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned. Direct contact with Arab fortifications originally constructed by the Byzantines did influence developments in the east, but the lack of documentary evidence means that it remains difficult to differentiate between the importance of this design culture and the constraints of situation. This treaty ended the Third Crusade. [93] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. A specific term for a crusader in the form of crucesignatus"one signed by the cross", however, emerged in the early 12th century. maintaining order through alliances as well as warfare. [3] These differed from other Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants forgiveness for all confessed sins. [18], The Crusades to the Holy Land are the best known of the religious wars associated with the term, beginning in 1095 and lasting some two centuries. He sent his emissaries to inform Gregory IX of the situation, but the pope did not care about Frederick's illness, just that he had not lived up to his agreement. "Antioch, Sieges of (19071098)". [251], Tertiary sources. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus, Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage, The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241, The Crusades of 12391241 and Their Aftermath, "The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric", County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crusades&oldid=1142838236, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eyewitness accounts of the Second Crusade by, The history of the Fifth and Sixth Crusades is well represented in the works of, Key sources for the later Crusades include, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 17:11. [4] What constituted a "crusade" has been understood in diverse ways, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. Riding triumphantly into the city, Sultan Mehmed II made it clear that he was determined to conquer Rome as well. His brother Charles of Anjou who arrived one day before his death immediately entered into negotiations with the Caliph of Tunis to ensure the safe departure of the crusader army. Peter planned to return, but no European aid was forthcoming, and after his murder in 1369 a peace treaty was signed. The Fifth Crusade was over, a dismal failure, unable to even gain the return of the piece of the True Cross. The final loss of the Crusader states By the end of the 13th century, Crusading had become more expensive. Literary tastes were also distinctly French, and the production of manuscripts followed French traditions. "Crusade of 1129". Why did many people seek help from priests as the Black Death spread through Europe? In 1480 he launched two major offensives against the Christians. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. area before moving on to the main battle at Jerusalem. European kings increased their power. The text claims bloodletting is a good treatment for the plague and cured some cases. Pilgrimage to the Holy Land expanded after safer routes through Hungary developed from 1000. Acre and all the castles along the Mediterranean coast were systematically destroyed. [131] He was succeeded as sultan by his son al-Kamil. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. Get started for free! Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except a. the crusaders were outnumbered Feudalism began to spread to Britain soon after. Panic broke out in Rome as people packed their bags and prepared to flee the city. Encyclopedia.com. Zengi came north to begin the first siege of Edessa, arriving on 28 November 1144. Their youngest brother Alphonse of Poitiers departed the next year. "Baldwin II of Constantinople". Property became available while coinage and precious materials circulated more readily within Europe. The Last Supper. Godfrey of Bouillon Prince Edward, the future king of England, and a small retinue arrived too late for the conflict but continued to the Holy Land in what is known as Lord Edward's Crusade. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast. Origins. Encouraged by the success, the crusaders refused which proved to be a mistake. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. He defeated Fulk at the Battle of Ba'rin of 1137, seizing Ba'rin Castle. Instead, Alexius retreated from Philomelium. For many [206] The historian Norman Housley notes the connection between heterodoxy and anti-papalism in Italy. This is why the Crusades were doomed from the start. Throughout the 12thand 13thcenturies the influence of indigenous artists was demonstrated in the decoration of shrines, paintings and the production of illuminated manuscripts. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188. It has been noted that many Jerusalem barons resided in Cyprus. [108], Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli. All the Frankish prisoners were executed, but the native Christians were allowed to live. [70], Baldwin II and Morphia married their eldest daughter Melisende of Jerusalem to Fulk V of Anjou in 1129 in anticipation of a royal succession. In the winter of 1239, Baldwin finally returned to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor around Easter of 1240, after which he launched his crusade. See answers. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) and Crusade Texts in Translation. They were formally launched by Pope Urban II in the late 11th century to help the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. Bohemond returned to Italy on late 1104 to recruit allies and gather supplies. The Pope is considered the King's representative. The 1085 victory of Castile lead to the largest _______________ kingdom. Albigensian and Northern Crusades. [133], By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. Many Crusaders wept upon seeing the city they had journeyed so long to reach. a. Three days later, Richard took Jaffa, held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem. Pope Nicholas IV had tried to organize aid beforehand, and he and his successors continued to do so afterward, but without success. [221] The Teutonic Knights were formed in 1190 to protect pilgrims in both the Holy Land and Baltic region. Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except a. the Unsanctioned by the church, there were also several Popular Crusades. However, these wars had no clear objectives or limitations, making them unsuitable for crusading. [1][2] Later, the campaigns in the Middle East have been given the same name - retroactively, long after the event had ended , due to the facts that they had central approval by the Roman Catholic Church and that the military campaigns were organized in comparable fashion, with often similar rhetoric, symbolism, and banners as applied during the campaigns in Spain. Frederick promised to depart on the Crusade by August 1227 and remain for two years. In August 1099, the Franks defeated an Egyptian relief force at the battle of Ascalon. What is one activity that monks probably did? ", it required kings to be elected by nobles. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. [11][12], The Arabic word for struggle or contest, particularly one for the propagation of Islamjihdwas used for a religious war of Muslims against unbelievers, and it was believed by some Muslims that the Quran and Hadith made this a duty. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation. Separately freed, Joscelin began negotiations with Jawali for Baldwin's release. (It was wisely stopped by the Pope and its leaders were put to death, although some of the children did make it to Egypt, where they were sold into slavery.) It had no effect and Frederick sailed from Brindisi in June 1228. was trying to overtake the world during the Middle Ages. He sailed on 8 September 1227, but before they reached their first stop, Frederick was struck with the plague and disembarked to secure medical attention. The Greek resistance prompted AlexiosIV to seek continued support from the crusade until he could fulfil his commitments. 1204 The doctrine of papal supremacy conflicted with the view of the Eastern church that considered the pope as only one of the five patriarchs of the Christian Church, alongside the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. Merchants were further advantaged by technological improvements, and long-distance trade as a whole expanded. = 45/20 By the end of the 13th century, Crusading had become more expensive. [212], The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. [219] The papacy's decline in power and influence had left it as little more than a localised bishopric, but its assertion grew under the influence of the Gregorian Reform in the period from the 1050s until the 1080s. an error that was corrected with new evidence. In. [83] After a brief counter-siege, Nr-ad-Din took the city. They would become any of the following except. Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except people began to lose faith. In 1025, the Byzantine emperor Basil II was able to extend the empire's territorial recovery to its furthest extent in 1025, with frontiers stretching east to Iran. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [58], Beginning in 1110, the Seljuks launched a series of attacks on the Crusader states, in particular Edessa, led by Mawdud. The roots of the institution of the crusade are to be found in the political, cultural and theological dev, Poissy, France Louis was to ransom himself by the surrender of Damietta and his army by the payment of a million bezants (later reduced to 800,000). The Crusaders fought the Battle of Bosra with the Damascenes in the summer of 1147, with no clear winner. 6 2/3 Islam. In, Morris, Rosemary (2006). Today, the most accurate conclusion we have about the Black Death is that it was. In 1169, both Shawar and Shirkuh died, and al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. With suitable modifications, the Assizes of Jerusalem applied on the island, and on the mainland the French character of the Cypriot Latins is evident in the remains of Gothic structures. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). A united EgyptSyria led to the loss of Jerusalem itself, and Western Europe had no choice but to launch the Third Crusade, this time led by the kings of Europe. Initial successes established four Latin states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli. During the Middle Ages, responsibilities of the Pope included all of the following except. He [107], The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. After the French kings death and the departure of the French crusaders, the English prince decided to launch his own expedition. The loss of the tower was a great shock to the Ayyubids, and the sultan al-Adil died soon thereafter. The siege of Damietta began in June 1218 with a successful assault on the tower. Bohemond recognised that the only remaining option was open combat and launched a counterattack. However, the date of retrieval is often important. They were fought in the name of God and the battles that raged across the Middle East were to expel the heathens from the Holy City of God - Jerusalem. For some years after 1291, various projects were proposed, all designed to avoid previous mistakes and explore new tactics. [109] His mother Sibylla of Jerusalem and her husband Guy of Lusignan were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. "Constantinople, Latin Empire of". This aided development of representative bodies whose consent was required for many forms of taxation. Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except The successful siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month siege of Tortosa, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. The Mongols converted to Islam, but disintegrated as a fighting force. In 1219, they captured the port of Damietta and were offered all the holy cities in return for withdrawing from Egypt. Two letters from the Christian side tell differing stories,[155] with Frederick touting the great success of the endeavor and the Latin patriarch painting a darker picture of the emperor and his accomplishments. In, Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). [248] This edition also includes an essay on chivalry by Sir Walter Scott, whose works helped popularize the Crusades. He promised people that their sins would be forgiven if they undertook In, Nicholson, Helen (2006). [166], In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. Baldwin's army besieged the city by land, while the Norwegians came by sea, and the victorious Crusaders gave similar terms of surrender as given to previous victories at Arsuf in 1102 and at the siege of Acre of 11001104, freeing the major port of the kingdom. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). In, Madden, Thomas F. (2006). In those days, he was the most powerful man in all of Europe. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, would be disbanded and its knights imprisoned or executed. On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the battle of Jaffa, capturing the city. Economic pressures caused many nobles to seek royal service. They fended off a Seljuk attack at the Battle of Ephesus on 24 December 1147. Misogyny meant that there was male disapproval; chroniclers tell of immorality and Jerome of Prague blamed the failure of the Second Crusade on the presence of women. "Edessa, City of". [113] Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Ito ay mga leaves na may kaugnayan sa mga pagkakataon na ang isang babae ay sumailalim sa isang medikal na operasyon kaugnay sa kanyang reproductive health. [227], Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. Question Many of the men were lost en route or to disease. "Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (12271229)". The idea of habeas corpus meant that you could not keep anyone in prison without __________. In March 1190, Frederick embarked to Asia Minor. It was agreed that Egypt was the objective and many remembered how the sultan's father had been willing to exchange Jerusalem itself for Damietta in the Fifth Crusade. Pope Innocent III's role was ambivalent. At the beginning of the 14th century, Pierre Dubois submitted a detailed scheme for a Crusade to be directed by Philip IV of France, and in 1321 Marino Sanudo, in his Secreta fidelium crucis (Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross), produced an elaborate plan for an economic blockade of Egypt. . Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. . . However, the statement that "people began to lose faith" was not part of why the later Crusades failed. He then led his forces to Varna, in Bulgaria, which the Crusaders were in the process of besieging, and destroyed the Christian army. Innocent IV was more flexible, but tension persisted until the Turkish conquest in the 16th century. = 2 1/4. the desert climate was a challenge After the Crusader victory at the siege of Beirut in 1110, the Fatimid threat to the kingdom subsided for two decades. Calls for a new crusade the Second Crusade were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Meanwhile, the Teutonic Knights had moved their operations to the Baltic area. In the ensuing Battle of Mansurah in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible. Crusading came to an end in the 16th century, mainly because of changes in Europe brought on by the Protestant Reformation and not because the Muslim threat had diminished. The order was officially dissolved in 1809. He also convinced them their first objective should be Nicaea. 2. armies of the West and North were not going to allow them. [88], The French contingent departed in June 1147. Also known as the Kings Crusade because it was participated by as many as three European kings, the Third Crusade was launched after the fall of Jerusalem to the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187. Tunis, North Africa "Tortosa (Spain)". In Acre, the seat of government of the kingdom, there was a commune of barons and bourgeois. The Seljuk hold on the city resulted in pilgrims reporting difficulties and the oppression of Christians. The king and his entourage were taken in chains to Mansurah and the whole of the army was rounded up and led into captivity. b.
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