Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Wang et al. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Rev Environ Health. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Wang et al. 1996;93:46938. 2008;22:9927. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2015;91:55561. 2013;17:711. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Am J Epidemiol. Radiat Res. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Vorobyov et al. 2005;22:32931. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 2015;36:4804. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Article The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. 2008;29:52738. Google Scholar. 2009;63:10106. 2017;326:291. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Gold PE. Synapse. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 1984;4:285665. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Brain Res. The effects are usually . Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2012;112:1715. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. 2011;174:211. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2009;4:e4389. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Biomed Environ Sci. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. CAS JAMA. 2010;39:67594. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Behav Brain Res. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. 1999;4:102. 2011;107:35661. 1996;180:917. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. 2003;80:177. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Nature. 2012;21:6209. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2005;438:18592. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. 2003;140:147. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. 2006;5:389. 2014;53:22230. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2008;169:3845. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 2016;74:99107. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Surg Neurol. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. 2011;343:5224. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. PLoS One. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. CAS volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) 2004;2004:19. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Trends Neurosci. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Zhao et al. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 2014;9:e95503. Article Bioelectromagnetics. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. 2013;89:11007. Bioelectromagnetics. Dasdag et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . CAS Biomed Environ Sci. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Neuroreport. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Article PubMed Central Ning et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. 2014;70:84555. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. 1988;9:33745. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. J Electromagnet Anal. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. PLoS One. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Google Scholar. Physiol Behav. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Neuroreport. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. 2012;35:32534. Exp Neurobiol. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2008;86:718. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2006;165:63644. Article Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. . Bioelectromagnetics. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Terms and Conditions, 2007;27:6024. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. However,. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. statement and Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Wang et al. Front Neurosci. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Mol Neurobiol. California Privacy Statement, Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 2014;90:2935. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2015;91:30611. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. PubMed In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate 2004;25:4957. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Cookies policy. Privacy Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;51:15865. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2006;98:170713. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. PubMed This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Neurobiol Learn Mem. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Gold PE. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd 2005;1042:1018. J Neuro. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. as it have a harmful side. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Behav Brain Res. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. 2015;28:1324. 2005;130:591600. Kwon et al. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. 2003;11:346. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Mack et al. Cosquer et al. 2004;996:8996. Int J Epidemiol. Google Scholar. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. J Med Food. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health Sareesh et al. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Zhang et al. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Behav Brain Res. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. PubMed Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. World J Biol Chem. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Mortazavi et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Neuroreport. Lai et al. 2011;35:36978. Annu Rev Physiol. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields.