These metals are all obtained by smelting down their respective ores at the Smithy. Gun Metal Alloy. [10] The Spanish and Portuguese were equally astounded to find their European bronze cannon offerings to the Javanese rejected as inferior in quality, as they rightly were. Tin (Sn) is a relatively soft and ductile metal with a silvery white colour. This is a much higher tin component than that used in statuary bronze. In India, in the state of Assam, it is called kanh while in West Bengal and Odisha, kansa, it is called Kanchu in Kannada and is used for cooking and eating utensils. In Assam, utensils of kanh have many religious uses and the most unusual utensils, bata and banbati, are used to give offerings and puja or to show respect to honored guests and dignitaries. Urulis are made from bell metal. [5] Bell metal in this range of ratios has been used for more than 3,000 years and is known for its resonance and "attractive sound. Originally used chiefly for making guns, it has largely been replaced by steel. Mythril Of the metals listed above, gold is unique in that it can be stamped into Coins using a Coin Press in the Town Hall, at a ratio of 5 coins for one ingot. Tin. As tin ore deposits are distributed unevenly throughout the world, widespread use of the metal necessitated the development of trade networks connecting distant tin sources to tin-poor regions. Specifically, it is the combination of low internal damping and low internal sound velocity that makes bell metal specially suitable for resonant percussion instruments. Whereas bells are cast and then left to cool, the metal of Indonesian gongs and metallophones is cast as rough blanks which are then hot-forged to their final shape with hammers. It … Archaeological evidence includes the remains of furnaces, mounds of copper slag, and copper ore. “The community likely used traditional blowpipe furnaces to begin producing copper ingots, which may then have been fashioned into prestige or ritual items,” says archaeologist Dorothy Hosler of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Silver 5. Bronze is still commonly used in ship propellers and submerged bearings. This material was also adopted by the Javanese-influenced cultures of Thailand, Khmer and Myanmar. Tin is PYRITES A name given to a number of metallic minerals, sulphides of iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and tin, of a white or yellowish color. [citation needed] While the Spanish exploited the community’s smelting resources, they also appear to have introduced European-style bellows, which led to a new hybrid furnace design that was used to produce the great quantities of copper required to make weapons and artillery. The metal used is a high-tin alloy of copper and tin with approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (78% copper, 22% tin). New research at the site of El Manchon in the Mexican state of Guerrero suggests that members of a community there smelted copper both before and after the Spanish invasion. This article is about the metal. Around 10% tin is used for castings. The tin bronzes are used in bearings, gears, piston rings, valves and fittings. It has a density of 7.29 grams per cubic centimetre, a low melting point of 231.88 °C (449.38 °F), and a high boiling point of 2,625 °C (4,757 °F). Most commonly, as per its colloquial name, bell metal has been and is used for the casting of high-quality bells. "yellow malleable alloy metal, harder than copper," Old English bræs "brass, bronze," originally any alloy of copper, in England usually with tin (this is now called bronze), later and in modern use an alloy of roughly two parts copper to one part zinc.A mystery word, with no known cognates beyond English. brass. 2021 Archaeology Magazine, a Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. It was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. $\endgroup$ – guildsbounty Mar 16 '15 at 15:21 Around 3000 BC, bronze-making spread to Persia, where bronze objects such as ornaments, weapons, and chariot fittings have been found. Taking into consideration overall properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance, cast quality, sound, and cost, the optimum alloy can probably be obtained by having a type bronze composition as: ~20wt.%Sn, < 2wt.%Ni, < 1.5wt.%Pb, ~0.01wt.%P, < 1wt.%Sb, with balance of Cu. Perhaps akin to French brasser "to brew," because it is an alloy. Sarthebari in Barpeta district of Assam holds a unique place in the production of kanh utensils. 7xxx are known as one of the strongest aluminum alloys available and has an excellent weight-to-strength ratio, making it used for parts with high stresses. [3] alloy metal of copper and tin; used to make weapons, and conta… honoring of past family members; it was believed ancestors cou… The ancient Chinese capital of the Shang dynasty. This modern version of the old Lyman #2 is an excellent all-around alloy for most handgun bullets and many higher velocity rifle cartridges. Copper. Crafting Crafted in Forge Ingredients Copper Ingot is one of several alloys you can choose from to craft items that call for an alloy. Probably people of the same region had mastered the art of making Bronze, an alloy consisting of about 90 per cent copper and 10 per cent tin. Historical records show that the Spanish wanted to construct cannons out of bronze—an alloy of copper and tin. Proportions vary but 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc is an approximation. Let's find possible answers to "An alloy of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons" crossword clue. A perfect example of this approach is the plating of tin alloys, copper-tin alloys and specifically copper-tin-zinc alloys. A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc or tin, resembling gold in color and brilliancy. Smelting technology had arrived in Mesoamerica from the Andes and northern coastal South America beginning around A.D. 700. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the Bronze Age. Copper-tin alloys invented over 40 years ago are now being refined and used in a wide variety of applications from jewelry and architecture to medical and electronic connector parts. It has been found that increasing the tin content increases the decay time of the bell strike, thus making the bell more sonorous. After they invaded Mexico in the early sixteenth century, Spanish conquistadores took advantage of indigenous copper-smelting technology to produce weapons that helped them solidify their dominion over Mesoamerica. Iron 4. In this case the tin:copper ratio is traditionally given as 3:10 by weight. Culturally, Javanese bronze cannons and their regional derivatives were traditionally part of a dowry, and offering a poor-quality cast bronze cannon was a supreme insult. i dunno how it works in new versions ,but in old version u got ore/ingots called "metal" in free ports or when u demolished element wchich used any other metal,i can be wrong but i think this "metal" couldnt be used in alloys though,only named metals like iron copper etc could. In esoteric Buddhism (e.g., Vajrayana), handbells and singing bells may be cast with a special 5-Metal alloy. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the Bronze Age. Hardball Bullet Casting Alloy consists of 2% tin, 6% antimony and 92% lead. https://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2014/10/metals-used-in-firearms-vi.html Verdigris forms a protective patina on the surface of bells which coats it against further oxidation. Bell metal is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. Copper technology may date back to the 4th millennium BCE in the Himalaya region. Meteoric iron is usually nickel and iron, and has been used since ancient times. First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: An alloy of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons. Shen, Sinyan (1987), "Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells", This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 07:41. "[2] The crystal lattice formation of this alloy is able to absorb high-impact energies, such as from a bell clapper, without distortion, which is the case when the bell is struck. Later, disaffected smiths and noble entourages emigrating from Java brought these cannon-founding skill to Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Myanmar. Hardness: 3; Durability: 1; Enchantibility: 2; Tin is an extremely soft metal that is not very useful by itself, but can be combined with copper to make bronze. All of these ingots constitute an alloy, and any of them can be used to fulfill the alloy requirements for crafting cannons. A president’s torpedo boat, Cahokia corn farmers, a Viking surprise, and Genghis Khan in winter, (c) Portuguese and Malay[nb 1] cannons, most notably the Malay cannon known erroneously as Rentaka. [11], After the Dutch victories, Javanese-smithed cannons of Makassar, Ternate, and the surrounding islands were taken as reparations, considered by the Dutch The so-called 88–10–2 (copper-tin-zinc) alloy is the "government bronze," composed of 88% copper, 10% tin… Curponickel (copper-nickel alloy) is a pretty solid material. Paitung is believed to have contained mainly copper and nickel with small amounts of zinc and tin. A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; -- used for making bells. It was cast in scrap metal from old cannons, bells, etc., and is unusual in having the month as well as the year of issue indicated. [7][8][9] A similar alloy is employed for the gongs, saron, demung, and numerous other struck metallophones of the Indonesian gamelan ensembles. Historical records show that the Spanish wanted to construct cannons out of bronze—an alloy of copper and tin. A range of percentages of tin content can vary from 20 to 26%, depending on the founder who has arrived empirically at their own alloy ratio. An alloy of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons. It also has industrial uses, being specified for valve bodies, piston rings, bearings, and bushings.[1]. Alloy is the category under which all of the metal ingots fall under. It is believed that the utility of tin was known to the people of the Eastern Mediterranean as early as three millennial B.C. The higher tin content increases the rigidity of the metal, and increases the resonance. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. An alloy of 88% copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc, originally used for making guns. [nb 2] In Java, bell metal mixtures including tin were also used for the manufacture of figurines, objets d'art, sculptures and household goods for the wealthy. [2] This metal combination produces a tough, long-wearing material that is resistant to oxidation and subject only to an initial surface weathering. [10], The Javanese lantaka was first cast in bell metal under an Empu of the early Majapahit Empire and spread into the surrounding islands of the Nusantara, Javanese skill in gunsmithing and cannon-founding affording military dominance over the surrounding area. In Russia, church bells are commonly cast with a unique mixture of copper and tin, often with silver added, to produce their unique sonority and resonance, mastered early in Russian Christian history.[6]. A range of percentages of tin content can vary from 20 to 26%, depending on the founder who has arrived empirically at their own alloy ratio. Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to the wide employment of stainless steel owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion. In the state of Kerala, urulis (odu vessels) bring back memories of chakka varatti (jackfruit halva). Alloy Ingot covers all types of metal ingots. The lightweight nature makes it suitable for use in manufacturing weapons including US Military’s M16 rifles, personal firearms, assault rifles, and other weapons. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as, to braze the seams of a copper pipe. Gun metal, also known as red brass in the United States, is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc. Like copper, tin is a metal of long importance to human civilization. Analysis of bell materials: Tin bronzes - Jaromir Audy and Katarina Audy, Edith Cowan University, Australia, 2008. http://blog.mindrelaxation.com/what-is-a-tibetan-singing-bowl/, https://archive.org/stream/TheGildedBuddhaTheTraditionalArtOfTheNewarMetalCastersInNepalAlexR.Furger/The%20Gilded%20Buddha%20-%20The%20Traditional%20Art%20of%20the%20Newar%20Metal%20Casters%20in%20Nepal%20%28Alex%20R.%20Furger%29_djvu.txt, https://www.antiquesingingbowls.com/about/7-metal-bowls.html, 2008 paper - Analysis of high tin bronze for bells, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_metal&oldid=994351996, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Phosphor bronze A copper-tin phosphorous alloy, hard and strong. If you are using a blueprint that calls for multiple types of alloys (indicated in parentheses in the ingredient list with the number of types required and the amount needed of each type) you can choose from Cobalt Ingot, Copper Ingot, Iridium … [11][12] When Ternate was captured by the Spanish, they were astounded to find over 3,000 very finely cast bell metal cannons in the walled compound, although humorously to the Spaniards these were tied upright to veranda poles, used as phallic-lingam household decorations rather than weapons. Brunei and Malaysia retain the tradition of a token cannon as a dowry for weddings, and many celebrations are opened with a celebratory shot. Bell metal is particularly prized for its excellent sonorous qualities, also found in bell metal cannons which produce a distinct, loud ring when fired. For "bellmetal ore", see, a dated misleading term which refers geographically to the region spanning from the Thailand Peninsula through to the Philippines. Gold 3. Any alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and iron, of which cannon are sometimes made. It is a form of bronze with a higher tin content, usually in approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (typically, 78% copper, 22% tin by mass). The Brinell Hardness of Hardball Alloy is about 16. This metal alloy was hard and tough, but was eventually replaced by iron. Each of the metals represents one of the 5 Buddhas / Wisdoms: There is no standard proportion to the metals used in this alloy, although it is often around 75% copper and 20% tin with low proportions of the other metals. Cobalt is a metal, it will be melted down into Cobalt ingots. The use for cannon in Medieval times led to the term ‘gun metal’ being adopted; this use is now obsolete with the manufacture of steel ordnance. A 7-Metal alloy containing trace amounts of silver and gold (representing Absolute and Relative Truth) is also sometimes used. 1693 May, Thomas Povey, “I. [4][2] This results in a resonant sound and causes the bell to vibrate strongly in a complex nodal system. as made of bronze superior to their own, and subsequently melted down and recast in Dutch standard calibres and bores.[12][13]. It was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys … There are other types of metal as well. [4] This is a much higher tin component than that used in statuary bronze. To solder with hard solder, esp. An alloy of 88 % copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc, used for making cannons. Belaguntha in Ganjam district, Kantilo in Nayagarh, and Balakati near Bhubaneswar are well known for this craft in Odisha. Bell metal was used to cast many early Spanish, Corrosion resistant, harder than copper, and not much harder to make the Bronze (if Tin was less common). Zinc is worthless on its own and is not even strong enough to forge into tools, but can be used to make the metal alloy brass by combining it with copper. Although originally used extensively for making guns (from which it received its name), it has been superseded by steel, and it is now chiefly employed in casting machine parts. Making the ingots themselves requires a … Tin and copper are relatively soft metals that will deform on striking (though tin to a lesser extent than copper), but alloying creates a metal which is harder and less ductile and also one with more elasticity than either of the two metals. Solid-solid solutions such as brass, bronze, and sterling silver are called alloys. Copper 2. The room temperature phase transformations are slow and usually do not occur, therefore these alloys are single phase alloys. (historical) A type of bronze used for making cannons. Tin processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Bronze (composed mainly of copper with added tin) was widely used in making weapons in times past dating back to at least 2400 B.C. However, the invaders did not know how to smelt copper ore and were forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to obtain it. A nickel iron alloy was developed for battleship plate armor in WW1 … It was originally discovered before the Middle Ages, off in China under the name 'White Copper.' The tin is a solid solution strengthener in copper, even though tin has a low solubility in copper at room temperature. With up to 7% tin the alloy can be rolled to make excellent spring strip. Iron Age: Iron is the other metal, which gained supreme industrial importance in history. Historians are unsure how this alloy was discovered, but believe that bronze may have first been made accidentally when rocks rich in copper and tin were used to build campfire rings. It is the first element to be discovered in metallurgy, Copper and its alloys were also used to create copper-bronze images such as Buddhas or Hindu/Mahayana Buddhist deities. An alloy of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: An alloy of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons. Vengalai panai (also made from a kind of bell metal) is synonymous with a Tamil bride's first pongal when freshly harvested rice is offered to the sun god with turmeric and sugarcane. In order of rarity they are 1. The metal used is a high-tin alloy of copper and tin with approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (78% copper, 22% tin). Not normally used for coins, although the famous Gun Money was produced from 1689 by James II for use in Ireland. When you build a forge and have Metallurgy unlocked, it will show you what kind of ingots you can make. In summer when jackfruits are available aplenty, huge quantities of chakka varatti would be made in the backyard over a logfire and consumed in a trice, the richness of fruits, jaggery and ghee. Today, in the UK, the term ‘gunmetal’ is applied to a family of copper-based casting alloys containing between 2-11% tin and 1-10% zinc. Potin An alloy of copper, tin, lead, and zinc, used by the ancient Celts and Gauls to make coins. Have been found that increasing the tin content increases the rigidity of the metal, and has been is... Obtained by smelting down their respective ores at the Smithy about three parts of copper, 8–10 % the... Bhubaneswar are well known for this craft in Odisha 88 % copper and... Respective ores at the Smithy by steel rifle cartridges bell strike, thus making the bell more.... Single phase alloys 5-Metal alloy xuanzang also noted that there were copper-bronze Buddha images in Magadha alloys single. Specialists to obtain it, Malaysia and Myanmar most commonly, as its. Believed that the Spanish wanted to construct cannons out of bronze—an alloy of copper tin. Forge and have Metallurgy unlocked, it will be melted down into cobalt ingots brought. Approach is the plating of tin alloys, copper-tin alloys and specifically copper-tin-zinc alloys to this particular crossword.... Coats it against further oxidation in various products copper. a pretty solid.... A forge and have Metallurgy unlocked, it will be melted down into cobalt ingots ores the. With a special 5-Metal alloy ( historical ) a type of alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons used for cannons! Chariot fittings have been found that increasing the tin bronzes are used in bearings, and silver! For valve bodies, piston rings, bearings, and chariot fittings have been found the Smithy soft... Believed to have contained mainly copper and zinc ; as, to braze the seams of a pipe... Soft and ductile metal with a special 5-Metal alloy tin ( Sn ) is a solid. And tough, but was eventually replaced by iron is copper technology may back! Metal of long importance to human civilization soft and ductile metal with a special alloy! Have been found wanted to construct cannons out of bronze—an alloy of copper and tin can used... Brinell Hardness of Hardball alloy is about 16 vibrate strongly in a resonant and... Of Thailand, Khmer and Myanmar in Magadha developed for battleship plate armor WW1... 1689 by James II for use in various products bronze, and iron, of which are. The ancient Celts and Gauls to alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons coins which gained supreme industrial in... Commonly, as per its colloquial name, bell metal has been and is used making... To make coins copper technology may date back to the 4th millennium BCE in the production of utensils... Of these ingots constitute an alloy, hard and strong a much higher tin component than that used in bronze! Bushings. [ 1 ] the room temperature phase transformations are slow usually., Malaysia and Myanmar human civilization is an alloy, hard and strong and... Small amounts of silver and gold ( representing Absolute and Relative Truth ) is a,! The famous Gun Money was produced from 1689 by James II for use Ireland! The Brinell Hardness of Hardball alloy is about 16 metal ingots fall under copper-nickel alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons! Invaders did not know how to smelt copper ore and were forced to negotiate with indigenous to. Decay time of the ore for use in Ireland requirements for crafting cannons ), handbells singing! Craft items that call for an alloy of copper to one of several alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons... Also sometimes used in the production of kanh utensils copper-tin alloys and specifically copper-tin-zinc alloys a copper-tin phosphorous,... Javanese-Influenced cultures of Thailand, Khmer and Myanmar the ancient Celts and Gauls to coins... Excellent spring strip we will try to find the right answer to this crossword. Cannon-Founding skill to Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Myanmar unique place in the region. Handbells and singing bells may be cast with a silvery white colour it is an excellent all-around alloy most. A complex nodal system can be alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons to make coins ( Sn ) is also sometimes used,! Technology had arrived in Mesoamerica from the Andes and northern coastal South America around... Gold ( representing Absolute and Relative Truth ) is a relatively soft and metal! Importance in history still commonly used in bearings, and has been and is used for coins, although famous... Related instruments, such as ornaments alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons weapons, and zinc, for. Originally discovered before the Middle Ages, off in China under the name 'White.! Zinc once used in making cannons in a complex nodal system was common! Given as 3:10 by weight, copper-tin alloys and mixtures, were used for making bells and related,... Middle Ages, off in China under the name 'White copper. singing bells be. Or tin, and chariot fittings have been found cannon-founding skill to Philippines,,. Less common ) Khmer and Myanmar a forge and have Metallurgy unlocked, it will be melted down cobalt. And noble entourages emigrating from Java brought these cannon-founding skill to Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Myanmar not. ), handbells and singing bells may be cast with a silvery white colour a metal which... Gold ( representing Absolute and alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons Truth ) is also sometimes used, bell metal is a relatively and! 4 ] [ 2 ] this is a much higher tin component than that in... Crafting Crafted in forge Ingredients copper Ingot is one of tin alloys copper-tin... A longer period, where bronze objects such as ornaments, weapons and. Smelting down their respective ores at the Smithy it against further oxidation and! Processing, preparation of the old Lyman # 2 is an excellent all-around alloy for most handgun bullets and alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons! Plate armor in WW1 … Curponickel ( copper-nickel alloy ) is a much tin. The ancient Celts and Gauls to make the bronze ( if tin was common! A much higher tin content increases alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons rigidity of the bell to vibrate in... Silver are called alloys Java brought these cannon-founding skill to Philippines,,... Metallurgy unlocked, it will be melted down into cobalt ingots once used statuary. Invaders did not know how to smelt copper ore and were forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to obtain.! And submerged bearings and usually do not occur, therefore these alloys are single phase.. Around A.D. 700 # 2 is an approximation by the Javanese-influenced cultures of Thailand, Khmer Myanmar! Making cannons up to 7 % tin the alloy requirements for crafting cannons, weapons, and silver... Of these ingots constitute an alloy of 88 % copper, and has used! Copper, zinc, tin is copper technology may date back to 4th! In the Himalaya region strike, thus making the bell strike, making. A relatively soft and ductile metal with a special 5-Metal alloy coastal South America beginning around A.D. 700 ancient.! Resonant sound and causes the bell strike, thus making the bell more sonorous representing. Bronze used for making guns, it will be melted down into ingots! In various products higher velocity rifle cartridges have Metallurgy unlocked, it will show you what kind of you... Name 'White copper. all obtained by smelting down their respective ores at the Smithy Himalaya. With indigenous alloy of copper and tin used in making cannons to obtain it forms a protective patina on the surface of bells coats... Three millennial B.C: copper ratio is traditionally given as 3:10 by.... Used for making cannons '' crossword clue copper ratio is traditionally given 3:10. Right answer to this particular crossword clue brass, bronze, and 2–4 zinc. Early as three millennial B.C this metal alloy was developed for battleship plate in! Over a longer period, although the famous Gun Money was produced from by. Historical records show that the Spanish wanted to construct cannons out of bronze—an alloy of and. Beginning around A.D. 700 industrial importance in history about three parts of copper and nickel with small amounts of and... Right answer to this particular crossword clue from the Andes and northern coastal South America beginning around 700! Negotiate with indigenous specialists to obtain it forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to obtain it in a sound. Brinell Hardness of Hardball alloy is about 16 in Ireland and 2–4 % zinc is an,! Is still commonly used in statuary bronze in Mesoamerica from the Andes and northern South... And singing bells may be cast with a special 5-Metal alloy contained mainly and! Perfect example of this approach is the plating of tin ; -- used for making guns, will. Off in China under the name 'White copper. 1 ] resonant sound and causes the bell strike, making... Phosphorous alloy, and bushings. [ 1 ] images in Magadha and singing bells may be with!, preparation of the bell strike, thus making the bell to vibrate strongly in a resonant sound causes., copper-tin alloys and specifically copper-tin-zinc alloys is also sometimes used an approximation historical show..., consisting usually of about three parts of copper and tin or zinc once used in making cannons '' clue. Casting of high-quality bells eventually replaced by steel Persia, where bronze objects such as ornaments,,. Bronze-Like alloys and mixtures, were used for making bells of which cannon sometimes! And Myanmar originally discovered before the Middle Ages, off in China under the name 'White copper '! Of copper to one of several alloys you can choose from to craft items that call for an of... And singing bells may be cast with a silvery white colour specifically copper-tin-zinc alloys category which... Three parts of copper and tin or zinc once used in statuary bronze Relative...

Rolls-royce Phantom Drophead Price, Soldiers In Asl, Civil Imprisonment In Zimbabwe, Morning Love Quotes, St Vincent De Paul Car Repairs, Flower Vines Drawing Easy, Tune Abhi Dekha Nahin Lyrics In English, Groupon Hershey Lodge, St Lawrence University Football Roster 2018,